Emerging evidence suggests the human gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem residing in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), may influence weight-gain through several inter-dependent pathways including energy harvesting, short-chain fatty-acids (SCFA) signalling, behaviour modifications, controlling satiety and modulating inflammatory responses within the host. Neural networks, such as the enteric nervous system (ENS) and vagus nerve also convey information within the gut-brain axis. Communication occurs within the axis via local, paracrine and/or endocrine mechanisms involving a variety of gut-derived peptides produced from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY 3−36 (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and oxyntomodulin. The gut-brain axis is comprised of various neurohumoral components that allow the gut and brain to communicate with each other. This has led to an increase in research exploring energy homeostasis and the discovery of a complex bidirectional communication axis referred to as the gut-brain axis. Current non-invasive treatments lack efficacy in combating obesity, suggesting that obesity is a multi-faceted and more complex disease than previously thought. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, where energy intake exceeds expenditure. Obesity is a global epidemic, placing socioeconomic strain on public healthcare systems, especially within the so-called Western countries, such as Australia, United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.
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